Module summary
In this case-based module, Dr Toni Hazell discusses how to manage a consultation about vaginal discharge
Learning objectives
This case-based module will support your knowledge and understanding of:
- Acute and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis.
- When to consider non-infective causes of vaginal discharge.
- How to manage partner notification.
- How to take a sexual history.
Author: Dr Toni Hazell is a GP in North London
Date published: 23.01.2026
Log in to access the full CPD module and track your progress toward certification.
Already registered?
New user?
Reviews
Vaginal discharge is a very common presentation in UK primary care, and understanding its causes is essential for safe and effective assessment. Most cases are due to physiological discharge, which varies with the menstrual cycle and requires reassurance rather than treatment. Among pathological causes, bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis are the most frequent, while STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis must also be considered, particularly in sexually active patients or those with risk factors. UK guidance emphasises a structured approach: taking a focused history, assessing for red flags (e.g., pelvic pain, post?coital bleeding), and using appropriate investigations such as high?vaginal swabs, NAAT testing for STIs, or pH testing where available. Treatment is guided by the underlying diagnosis, with evidence?based antimicrobial or antifungal therapy recommended in line with national and local formularies. Reflecting on this topic has reinforced the importance of distinguishing normal from pathological discharge, applying targeted investigations, and offering clear safety?netting and sexual health advice. This has strengthened my confidence in managing these presentations consistently and in line with UK best practice.